Our Summary

Brain mapping, or making a detailed picture of the brain’s functions, is a crucial part of neurosurgery. Traditionally, this process involved stimulating the brain with an electrical current, but new methods have been developed that are less invasive. These new techniques, known as “passive mapping,” don’t require any participation from the patient. This paper reviews these passive mapping techniques, which range from invasive internal brain recordings to noninvasive imaging. Some of these can even be done while the patient is under anesthesia during surgery. These techniques are used by neurosurgeons for planning surgeries and understanding the brain’s functions.

FAQs

  1. What is brain mapping and why is it important in neurosurgery?
  2. What are some of the new techniques in brain mapping and how do they differ from traditional methods?
  3. Can passive mapping techniques be performed while the patient is under anesthesia?

Doctor’s Tip

Additionally, it is important to follow all pre- and post-operative instructions provided by your medical team. This may include avoiding certain medications, getting plenty of rest, and attending follow-up appointments. It is crucial to communicate any concerns or changes in symptoms to your healthcare provider immediately. Overall, staying informed and actively participating in your own care can help ensure the best possible outcome for your brain surgery.

Suitable For

Patients who are typically recommended for brain surgery include those with:

  • Tumors: Patients with brain tumors may undergo surgery to remove all or part of the tumor.

  • Epilepsy: Patients with epilepsy that does not respond to medication may be recommended for surgery to remove the area of the brain causing seizures.

  • Traumatic brain injury: Patients with severe head injuries may require surgery to repair damaged brain tissue.

  • Vascular abnormalities: Patients with arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) or aneurysms in the brain may need surgery to correct these issues.

  • Hydrocephalus: Patients with fluid buildup in the brain may require surgery to insert a shunt to drain the excess fluid.

  • Movement disorders: Patients with Parkinson’s disease or essential tremor may be recommended for deep brain stimulation surgery to help control their symptoms.

  • Degenerative brain diseases: Patients with conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease or Huntington’s disease may be recommended for surgery in certain cases.

It is important to note that brain surgery is a complex procedure and each case is unique. A neurosurgeon will carefully evaluate each patient to determine if surgery is the best course of action for their specific condition.

Timeline

Before brain surgery:

  1. Patient undergoes various tests such as MRI, CT scans, EEG, and cognitive assessments to determine the location and extent of the brain abnormality.
  2. Brain mapping techniques are used to identify important functional areas of the brain and avoid damaging them during surgery.
  3. The surgical team discusses the procedure with the patient, including the risks and potential outcomes.

During and after brain surgery:

  1. The patient is placed under anesthesia and the surgeon performs the necessary procedure, which may involve removing a tumor, repairing a blood vessel, or treating epilepsy.
  2. Passive mapping techniques such as functional MRI or intraoperative monitoring are used to ensure that critical brain functions are not affected during the surgery.
  3. After the surgery, the patient is closely monitored in the recovery room and may stay in the hospital for a few days for observation.
  4. Rehabilitation and physical therapy may be needed to help the patient regain strength and function.
  5. Follow-up appointments are scheduled to monitor the patient’s progress and address any concerns or complications.

What to Ask Your Doctor

Some questions a patient should ask their doctor about brain surgery include:

  1. What specific type of brain surgery is being recommended for my condition?
  2. What are the potential risks and complications associated with the surgery?
  3. How long will the recovery process be, and what can I expect during this time?
  4. Will I need any additional treatments or therapies after the surgery?
  5. What is the success rate of this type of surgery for my condition?
  6. How will my brain function be affected by the surgery, and are there any potential long-term effects?
  7. Will I need any follow-up appointments or tests after the surgery?
  8. What is the experience and success rate of the surgical team performing the procedure?
  9. Are there any alternative treatment options available for my condition?
  10. How will my pain be managed during and after the surgery?

Reference

Authors: Roland JL, Hacker CD, Leuthardt EC. Journal: Neurosurgery. 2020 Dec 15;88(1):15-24. doi: 10.1093/neuros/nyaa361. PMID: 33231261